Reliability and normalization of long-term versus substituted electromyography electrodes set-ups
Abstract
Normalization methods are used to minimize the influence of external disturbances in the analysis of myo-electrical signals. Whether these methods actually minimize the error or only relocate it has not been evaluated so far. This verification is only possible in comparison to constant discharge conditions. The aims of this study were (I) to compare the inter-day test-retest reliability of myo-electrical signals from long-term with substituted electrodes and (II) the impact of different normalization methods on test-retest reliability. Myo-electrical activity of the tibialis anterior (TA) and vastus medialis (VA) was recorded from 14 cyclists during 1min cycling with permanent and substituted electrodes and then normalized by selected methods. A good reliability (ICC>0.86) was shown for both muscles with the long-term electrodes whereas poor reliability (ICC=0.32) was found for the substituted electrodes set-up (VM). Only the sprint normalization improved the reliability of the long-term electrode set-up, while the other functional approaches improved at least the reliability from substituted electrodes. Only the sprint method achieved the reliability of permanently attached electrodes. Thus, the results rather suggest the use of permanent electrode set ups. If this is not possible due to the study design, the use of functional normalization procedures is recommended.Downloads
Metrics
References
Albertus-Kajee, Y., Tucker, R., Derman, W. & Lambert, M. (2010). Alternative methods of normalising EMG during cycling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(6), 1036–1043. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.07.011
Ball, N. & Scurr, J. (2010). An assessment of the reliability and standardisation of tests used to elicit reference muscular actions for electromyographical normalisation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(1), 81–88. http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.004
Barbosa, D., Santos, C. P. & Martins, M. (2015). The Application of Cycling and Cycling Combined with Feedback in the Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients: A Review. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 24(2), 253–273. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.09.006
Beck, T. W., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Cramer, J. T., Weir, J. P., Coburn, J. W. & Malek, M. H. (2006). Electromyographic instantaneous amplitude and instantaneous mean power frequency patterns across a range of motion during a concentric isokinetic muscle action of the biceps brachii. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 16(5), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.002
Bijker, K., Groot, G. d. & Hollander, A. (2002). Differences in leg muscle activity during running and cycling in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(6), 556–561. http:// doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0663-8
Burden, A. & Bartlett, R. (1999). Normalisation of EMG amplitude: an evaluation and comparison of old and new methods. Medical Engineering & Physics. (21), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(99)00054-5
Campanini, I., Merlo, A., Degola, P., Merletti, R., Vezzosi, G. & Farina, D. (2007). Effect of electrode location on EMG signal envelope in leg muscles during gait. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.06.001
Chapman, A. R., Vicenzino, B., Blanch, P., Knox, J. J. & Hodges, P. W. (2010). Intramuscular fine-wire electromyography during cycling: repeatability, normalisation and a comparison to surface electromyography. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(1), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.11.013
De Luca, C. J. (1997). The Use of Surface Electromyography in Biomechanics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13(2), 135–163. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.13.2.135
Dorel, S., Couturier, A. & Hug, F. (2008). Intra-session repeatability of lower limb muscles activation pattern during pedaling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(5), 857–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.03.002
Ericson, M. (1986). On the biomechanics of cycling. A study of joint and muscle load during exercise on the bicycle ergometer. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. Supplement, 16, 1–43.
Ertl, P., Kruse, A. & Tilp, M. (2016). Detecting fatigue thresholds from electromyographic signals: A systematic review on approaches and methodologies. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 30, 216–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.08.002
Farina, D. (2006). Interpretation of the surface electromyogram in dynamic contractions. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 34(3), 121–127.http://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-200607000-00006
Farina, D., Macaluso, A., Ferguson, R. A. & Vito, G. de. (2004). Effect of power, pedal rate, and force on average muscle fiber conduction velocity during cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(6), 2035–2041. http://doi.org/10.1152/jappl- physiol.00606.2004
Farina, D., Merletti, R. & Enoka, R. M. (2004). The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(4), 1486–1495. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2014
Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C. & Rau, G. (2000). Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 10(5), 361–http://doi.org/374. 10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4
Hogrel, J.-Y. (2005). Clinical applications of surface electromyography in neuromuscular disorders. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 35(2-3), 59–71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2005.03.001
Hug, F. & Dorel, S. (2009). Electromyographic analysis of pedaling: A review. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(2), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.10.010
Hunter, A. M., St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, M. & Noakes, T. D. (2002). Electromyographic (EMG) normalization method for cycle fatigue protocols. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), 857–861. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205000-00020
Jensen, C., Vasseljen, O. & Westgaard, R. H. (1993). The influence of electrode position on bipolar surface electromyogram recordings of the upper trapezius muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 67(3), 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00864227
Jobson, S. A., Hopker, J., Arkesteijn, M. & Passfield, L. (2013). Inter- and intra-session reliability of muscle activity patterns during cycling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(1), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.08.013
Laplaud, D., Hug, F. & Grelot, L. (2006). Reproducibility of eight lower limb muscles activity level in the course of an incremental pedaling exercise. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 16(2), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.04.002
Marsh, A. P. & Martin, P. E. (1995). The relationship between cadence and lower extremity EMG in cyclists and noncyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(2), 217–225. http://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199502000-00011
Merletti, R. & Farina, D. (Eds.). (2016). IEEE Press series in biomedical engineering: Vol. 26. Surface electromyography: Physiology, engineering and applications. Piscataway, NJ, Hoboken, NJ: IEEE Press; Wiley.
Mesin, L., Merletti, R. & Rainoldi, A. (2009). Surface EMG: the issue of electrode location. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(5), 719–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.07.006
Norcross, M. F., Blackburn, J. T. & Goerger, B. M. (2010). Reliability and interpretation of single leg stance and maximum voluntary isometric contraction methods of electromyography normalization. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(3), 420–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.08.003
Ochia, R. S. & Cavanagh, P. R. (2007). Reliability of surface EMG measurements over 12 hours. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17(3), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.01.003
Panoutsakopoulos, V., Papachatzis, N. & Kollias, I. A. (2014). Sport specificity background affects the principal component structure of vertical squat jump performance of young adult female athletes. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(3), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.08.003
Pereira, M. C. C., Rocha Junior, V. d. A., Bottaro, M., Andrade, M. M. de, Schwartz, F. P., Martorelli, A., Celes, R. & Carmo, J. C. (2013). Relationship between ventilatory threshold and muscle fiber conduction velocity responses in trained cyclists. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(2), 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.10.005
Potvin, J. R. & Bent, L. R. (1997). A validation of techniques using surface EMG signals from dynamic contractions to quantify muscle fatigue during repetitive tasks. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 7(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(96)00025-9
Rouffet, D. M. & Hautier, C. A. (2008). EMG normalization to study muscle activation in cycling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(5), 866–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.03.008
Sleivert, G. G. & Wenger, H. A. (1994). Reliability of measuring isometric and isokinetic peak torque, rate of torque development, integrated electromyography, and tibial nerve conduction velocity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75(12), 1315–1321.
Thun, E., Bjorvatn, B., Flo, E., Harris, A. & Pallesen, S. (2015). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 23, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.003
Yang, H.-C., Lee, C.-L., Lin, R., Hsu, M.-J., Chen, C.-H., Lin, J.-H. & Lo, S. K. (2014). Effect of biofeedback cycling training on functional recovery and walking ability of lower extremity in patients with stroke. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2013.07.006.
