Effects of age, sex and treatment on weight loss dynamics in obese people
Abstract
Objective: Evaluation of how sex, age and the kind of followed treatment affect weight loss and to explain weight loss dynamics in obese men and women. Material and Methods: A hundred and twenty obese participants (18 – 50 years; Body Mass Index (BMI) >30 and <34.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to four treatments, namely, strength training (S; n = 30), endurance training (E; n = 30), a combination of S and E (SE; n = 30), and diet and physical recommendations group (C; n = 30). Each of the different training groups exercised three times per week during twenty-four weeks while having diet restrictions. Then, body weight changes were evaluated every fifteen days for each participant. Several equation models were developed and evaluated to determine the function that better represents weight loss dynamics. Results: There were no significant differences from the statistical viewpoint, in terms of global body weight change, either on the carried out treatment or on individual’s age. However, significant differences on the weight loss tendency were found due to the participant sex. Discussion: The effectiveness of different treatments for weight loss varies by sex and, based on our experimental observations, the most accurate model to capture the weight loss dynamics can be obtained through a quadratic function.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Acharya, S. D., Elci, O. U., Sereika, S. M., Music, E., Styn, M. A., Turk, M. W., & Burke, L. E. (2009). Adherence to a behavioral weight loss treatment program enhances weight loss and improvements in biomarkers. Patient Prefer Adherence, 3, 151-160. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S5802
Ballor, D. L., Katch, V. L., Becque, D., & Marks, C. R. (1988). Resistance weight training during caloric restriction enhances lean body weight maintenance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 47, 19-25.
Bendixen, H., Madsen, J., & Bay-Hansen, D. (2002). An observational study of slimming behavior in Denmark in 1992 and 1998. Obes Res, 10, 911-922.
Bish, C. L., Blanck, H. M., & Serdula, M. K. (2005). Diet and physical activity behaviors among Americans trying to lose weight: 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Obes Res, 13, 596-607.
Bray, M. S. (2008). Implications of Gene–Behavior Interactions: Prevention and Intervention for Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16(Suppl 3), S72-78. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.522
Brochu, M., Malita, M. F., Messier, V., Doucet, E., Strychar, I., Lavoie, J. M., Rabasa-Lhoret, R. (2009). Resistance training does not contribute to improving the metabolic profile after a 6-month weight loss program in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94(9), 3226-3233. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2706
Communities, C. o. t. E. (2007). White paper on a Strategy for Europe on Nutrition, Overweight and Obesity related health issues Brussels.
Crncevc-Orlic, Z., Jovanovic, Z., Stimac, D., Zaputovic, L., Persic, V., &
Ruzic, A. (2008). Efficacy of healthy weight loss program in obesity treatment: Croatian experience. Coll Antropol, 32(1), 79-84.
Dapcich, V., Salvador Castell, G., Ribas Barba, L., Pérez Rodrigo, C., & Aranceta Bartrina, J. (2004). Healthy Eating Guide: Serra Majem Ll.
Deibert, P., Konig, D., Vitolins, M. Z., Landmann, U., Frey, I., Zahradnik, H. P., & Berg, A. (2007). Effect of a weight loss intervention on anthropometric measures and metabolic risk factors in pre- versus postmenopausal women. Nutr J, 6, 31. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-31
Del Corral, P., Chandler-Laney, P. C., Casazza, K., Gower, B. A., & Hunter, G. R. (2009). Effect of dietary adherence with or without exercise on weight loss: a mechanistic approach to a global problem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94(5), 1602-1607. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1057
Donnelly, J., Blair, S., Jakicic, J., Manore, M., Rankin, J., & Smith, B. (2009). Appropiate Physical Activity Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 459-471.
Ghroubi, S., Elleuch, H., Chikh, T., Kaffel, N., Abid, M., & Elleuch, M. H. (2009). Physical training combined with dietary measures in the treatment of adult obesity. A comparison of two protocols. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 52(5), 394-413.
Hagan, R. D., Upton, S. J., Wong, L. E. S., & Whittam, J. (1986). The effects of aerobic conditioning and/or caloric restriction in overweight men and women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 18(1), 87-94.
Hagobian, T. A., Sharoff, C. G., Stephens, B. R., Wade, G. N., Silva, J. E., Chipkin, S. R., & Braun, B. (2009). Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 296(2), R233-242. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.90671.2008
Hall, K., Heymsfield, S., Kemnitz, J., Klein, S., Schoeller, D., & Speakman, J. (2012). Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95, 989-995. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.036350
Hall, K., Sacks, G., Chandramohan, D., Chow, C., Wang, C., Gortmaker, S., & Swinburn, B. (2011). Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet, 378, 826-837. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X
Heilbronn, L. K., de Jonge, L., Frisard, M. I., DeLany, J. P., Meyer, D. E. L., Rood, J., Ravussin, E. (2006). Effect of 6-mo. calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. JAMA, 295(13), 1539-1548. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.13.1539
Heymsfield, S., Harp, J., Reitman, M., & al., E. (2007). Why do obese patients not lose more weitght when treated with low-calorie diets? A mechanistic perspective. Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 346-354.
Jakicic, J. M., Marcus, B. H., Lang, W., & Janney, C. (2008). Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med, 168(14), 1550-1559; discussion 1559-1560. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.14.1550
Jeffery, R., Drewnowski, A., Epstein, L., & al., E. (2000). Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Current status. Health Psychol, 19 (Suppl 1), 5-16.
Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Clark, K. L., Gordon, S. E., Incledon, T., Puhl, S. N., Sebastianelli, W. J. (1997). Physiological adaptations to a weight-loss dietary regimen and exercise programs in women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, 270-279.
Larson-Meyer, D. E., Redman, L., Heilbronn, L. K., Martin, C. K., Ravussin, E., & Team, T. P. C. (2010). Caloric Restriction with or without Exercise: The Fitness vs. Fatness Debate. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(1), 152-159.
Lichtman, S., Pisarska, K., Raynes, E., Pestone, M., Dowling, H., Offenbacher, E., Heymsfield, S. (1992). Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. The New England Journal of Medicine, 327(27), 1893-1898.
Martin, C., Heilbronn, L., Jonge, L., DelLany, J., Volaufova, J., Anton, S., Ravussin, E. (2007). Effect of Calorie Restriction on Resting Metabolic Rate and Spontaneous Physical Activity. Obesity, 15(12), 2965-2973. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.354
Murphy, S. (2009). Review of physical activity measurement using accelerometers in older adults: considerations for research design and conduct. Prev Med, 48(2), 108-114. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.001
NIH. (1998). Clinical Guidelines on Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. National Institutes of Health Publication, 98-4083.
Papazoglou, D., Augello, G., Tagliaferri, M., Savia, G., Marzullo, P., Maltezos, E., & Liuzzi, A. (2006). Evaluation of a multisensor armband in estimating energy expenditure in obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14(12), 2217-2223. doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.260
Pavlou, K. N., Hoefer, M. A., & Blackburn, G. L. (1986). Resting Energy Expenditure in Moderate Obesity. Annals of Surgery, 203(2), 136-141.
Redman, L. M., Heilbronn, L. K., Martin, C. K., Alfonso, A., Smith, S. R., Ravussin, E., & Team, P. C. (2007). Effect of Calorie Restriction with or without Exercise on Body Composition and Fat Distribution. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(3), 865-872.
Redman, L. M., Heilbronn, L. K., Martin, C. K., de Jonge, L., Williamson, D. A., Delany, J. P., & Ravussin, E. (2009). Metabolic and behavioral compensations in response to caloric restriction: implications for the maintenance of weight loss. PLoS One, 4(2), e4377. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004377
Rutter, M. K., Massaro, J. M., Hoffmann, U., O'Donnell, C. J., & Fox, C. S. (2012). Fasting glucose, obesity, and coronary artery calcification in community-based people without diabetes. Diabetes Care, 35(9), 1944-1950. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1950
Serdula, M. K., Mokdad, A. H., & Williamson, D. F. (1999). Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight. JAMA, 282, 1353-1358.
Svetkey, L., Stevens, V., Brantley, P., & al., E. (2008). Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 299, 1139-1148. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.10.1139
Thomas, D., Ciesla, A., Levine, J., Stevens, J., & Martin, C. (2009). A mathematical model of weight change with adaptation. Math Biosci Eng, 6(4), 873-887. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2009.6.873
Volpe, S. L., Kobusingye, H., Bailur, S., & Stanek, E. (2008). Effect of diet and exercise on body composition, energy intake and leptin levels in overweight women and men. J Am Coll Nutr, 27(2), 195-208.
Wadden, T., Butryn, M., & Byrne, K. (2004). Efficacy of lifestyle modification for long-term weight control. Obes Res, Suppl 12, S151-162.
Weir, J. (1949). New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol, 109, 1-9.
Wing, R., & Hill, J. (2001). Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev of Nutr, 21, 323-341.
Zapico, A. G., Benito, P. J., Gonzalez-Gross, M., Peinado, A. B., Morencos, E., Romero, B., Calderon, F. (2012). Nutrition and physical activity programs for obesity treatment (PRONAF study). methodological approach of the project. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1100. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1100
